Ho khetha se nepahetsengcable ea muber ea mubere bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang. Baenjiniere ba marang-rang mme litsebi tsa eona ba tlameha ho utloisisa liphapang lipakeng tsa li-limene tse fapaneng tsa fiber tse ntle, tse kang OM1, OM2, OM4 le Om4, OM4, le Om4, le Om4 le Om4, om4, le Om4 le Om5. Mofuta o mong le o mong o fana ka melemo e ikhethileng mabapi le bokhoni ba bandwidth le hole. Multimodecable ea fiberLitsamaiso li fana ka tharollo e sebetsang ka theko e boima le tsela e ntlafatsang ho ea ho 100G, e li etsa hore li lokele likopo tsa tikoloho tse thehiloeng ho naha. Ka ho lekola litlhoko tsa marang-rang le litšenyehelo tsa ho leka-kenana le ts'ebetso, motho a ka netefatsa khoebo ea cable ea nako e telele.
Key Picaways
- Utloisisa mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko tsa multimede (OM1 ho Om5) ho khetha e nepahetseng bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hau tsa marang-rang.
- Lekola litlhoko tsa bandwidth ka hloko; Likhoele tse phahameng tsa bandwidth joaloka om4 le Om5 li loketse marang-rang a nang le bokhoni bo phahameng.
- Nahana ka bokhoni ba sebaka hole ha o khetha likhoele tsa fiber; Likhetho tse ncha tse kang OM3, OM4, le OM5 Qolosa maeto a malelele ka katleho.
- Chelete e lekanyelitsoeng le ts'ebetso ka ho hlahloba litlhoko tsa hau tsa marang-rang le tsa nako tsa nako e telele; OM1 le OM2 ke litekanyetso - tse mosa bakeng sa litlhoko tse leka-lekaneng.
- Bopaki ba kamoso ea hau ka ho tsetela likhoele tse kang Om4 le OM5, e fanang ka sekhahla le mahlale a hlahang.
- SebelisaDowell's kamelong ea ho lekola litlhoko tsa hau tsa marang-rang le ho etsa liqeto tse tsebahalang ka khetho ea cable ea cable.
Thabo ea li-mulmedimode ea li-muber
Multimode fiber ke eng?
Cable ea muber fiber e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lipapaling tsa sejoale-joale ka ho fana ka puisano e telele hole. E na le bophara ba mantlha ba mantlha, hangata bo theoha ho tloha ho 50 ho isa ho 62,5 micrometers, e e lumellang ho jara mahlaseli a mangata kapa mekhoa e mengata. Tšobotsi ena e etsa thapo ea mafura a mafura a mangata e loketseng libaka tse kang litsi tsa data le marang-rang a data a sa bohlokoa. Bokhoni ba ho fetisetsa maoto a mangata hang-hang a thusa ho fetisetsa ho fetisoa ha data, o e etsa khetho e ratoang bakeng sa libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang.
Bohlokoa ba fiber ea multimedde ho marang-rang
Bohlokoa baMultimode FiberCable ea marang-rang e ke ke ea feteletsoa. E fana ka tharollo ea litšenyehelo tse theko e boima bakeng sa phetisetso ea data e khutšoane ea data, haholo-holo meaho kapa linteng tsa khamphase. Metsoako e mengata ea multimode e loketse ba lakane le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa marang-rang moo libaka tse khutšoane li leng bokhutšoanyane. Ka ho ts'ehetsa litsela tse ngata, li-cap tsa li-cap tsa marang-rang li netefatsa puisano e tšepahalang le e sebetsang ea data, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e se nang meeli ea marang-rang. Ho feta moo, boholo bo boholo ba likotla tsa multimedde ba lumella ho kenyelletsa habonolo le tlhokomelo ea lisebelisoa tse ngata likotong tse fapaneng tsa marang-rang.
Mefuta ea mekhahlelo ea li-multimede fiber
Cable ea Mulv ea Multde ea Mult
Cable ea fiber ea mulv e emela moloko oa pele-pele oa likhoele tsa multimede. E na le boholo ba micromerater tsa 62.5, e tšehetsang litefiso tsa data ho fihlela ho 1 gbps ho isa ho tse 3 tse fetang limithara tse 300. Mofuta oa thatla o loketse litekanyetso tsa khale tsa Ethernet 'me hangata li etsoa ka lits'ebetso tsa melao. Le ha OM1 e fana ka tharollo ea litšenyehelo tse theko e boima bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse khutšoane ea lits'ebetso tsa mehala e khutšoane, e kanna ea se fihlelle litlhoko tsa marang-rang a spectuce-sejoale-joale. E le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, mekhatlo e mengata e nka e ntlafatse mehoma e mecha ea fiber ea li-mustimode ea li-multse e ncha ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le ho netefatsa lits'ebeletso tsa bona.
Cable ea Mul2 Mul2
OM2Multimode FiberCabe e ntlafatsa bokhoni ba OM1 ka ho fana ka boholo ba minetertara tse 50. Ntlafatso ena e lumella OM2 ho tšehetsa litefiso tsa data tsa li-gbps tse 1 ho feta libaka tse telele, li fihla ho ba limithara tse 600. Ho eketseha ha sebaka se eketsehileng ho etsa khetho ea om2 khetho e ntle bakeng sa libaka tse kholo tsa marang-rang, tse kang borashe ba khamphase kapa litsi tsa data. Ha Om2 e fana ka ts'ebetso e ntle ho feta OM1, e ntse e oela hanyane ha ho bapisoa le likhoele tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele tse tšehetsoang ke li-fiber tsa li-multer tsa multer tsa multer
Cable ea Fou ea OM3
Cable ea li-multimedemo fiber e tšoaea tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa ho fiber theknoloji ea fibertetic. E etselitsoe ho ts'ehetsa litefiso tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele, e etsa hore e be tse loketseng likoto tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang. Ka boholo ba micrometers ea li-micrometers tse 50, o ka sebetsana le li-gbp tsa data ho isa ho tse 10 ho feta tse 300 le li-gbps tse 100 ka bongata. Mokhooa ona o etsa hore OM3 Khetho e tsebahalang ea libaka tsa data le libaka tse nang le maemo a tloaelehileng a lichelete. Moralo o ntlafalitsoeng oa Om3 o netefatsa phetisetso e sebetsang ea data, e fana ka tharollo ea bosholu bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebeletso tsa bona tsa marang-rang.
Cable ea Om4 multimode
OM4MultimodeCable ea fiber e emela ntlafatso ea bohlokoa holim'a batho ba bangata ba tlaasana. E na le boholo ba micrometers tse 50, tse tšoanang le OM3, empa li fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng. Om4 o ts'ehetsa litefiso tsa data ho fihlela ho isa ho tse 10 ho tloha ho limithara tse 550, ho etsa hore e loketse tikoloho e sebetsang ea marang-rang. Ho hlokahala bokhoni bona ho li-GBPs tse 40 le li-gbups tse 100 ka bongata ba libaka tse khuts'oane, li fana ka maemo a ho feto-fetoha le maemo a litseng tse fapaneng. Bo-'mantho ba eketsehileng ba bandwidth le bokhoni ba hole ba etsa om4 khetho e ntle bakeng sa litsi tsa data le likhoebo tsa khoebo tse kopanang le ts'ebetso e phahameng le ho ts'epahala. Ka ho khetha OM4, mekhatlo e ka netefatsa litšebeletso tsa bona, e netefatsa hore ho na le mekhoa e hlaha le litlhokahalo tse phahameng tsa data.
Cable ea Multic Fiber
Cable cable ea mults multimode e hlahisa boemo bo bocha ba ts'ebetso ka bokhoni ba eona ba bophara ba naha. E etselitsoe ho tšehetsa li-wavengords tse ngata, OM5 li lumella litheko tse kholo tsa data hape li ntlafalitsoe banwidth. Tsoelo-pele ena e etsa hore Om5 e tšoanelehe bakeng sa likopo tse hlokang phetiso ea data e phahameng ka nako e telele ho feta libaka tse telele. Boholo ba mantlha bo lula bo le boima ba micrometers, empa bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le li-waveleth tse ngata tse sephang ho tloha lipapisong tsa pejana. Karolo ena e thusa ho fetisetsa ho fetisa data e sebetsang haholoanyane, ho fokotsa tlhoko ea matsete a lisebelisoa tse ling tsa lits'ebeletso tse eketsehileng. Khokahano ea Om5 ka mokhoa o hlaha oa marang-rang o etsa bonnete ba hore marang-rang a ntse a senyeha ebile a fetoha le maemo a ho hlokahala. Bakeng sa mekhatlo e batla ho eketsa mabenkele a marang-rang, om5 o fana ka tharollo ea nako e lekanyelitsoeng ea ts'ebetso ka tšebeliso e theko e boima.
Ho lekola marang-rang a marang-rang le Dowell
Ho utloisisa litlhoko tsa marang-rang ke tsa bohlokoa ha o khetha thapo ea muber ea li-muber e nepahetseng. Thesi e fana ka leseli ho lekola litlhoko tsena li hloka ka katleho.
Litlhoko tsa Bandwidth
Bandwidth e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho lekola thapo ea fiber ea Mult e nepahetseng. Likhokahano tsa lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa data tse phahameng tsa data li hloka menyako e tšehetsang likhoele tse tšehetsang bandwidth e phahameng.Fiber ea Om4Ho fana ka bandwidth e ekelitsoeng le e phahameng haholo, e etsa hore e be e loketseng litsi tse kholo tsa data le marang-rang a mangata. E lumellana le litekanyetso tsa sejoale-joale tsa marang-rang tse kang 40Gbase-SR4 le 100Gbase-SR10, e bonts'a phetisetso e sebetsang ea data. Bakeng sa bandwidth e kholo haholo,Mofuma-mafu oa Om5Ho ts'ehetsa maqhubu a tsoang ho 850 nm ho 950 nm ho isa ho 950 nm ho ho boloka litheko tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele le bandwidth ea 28000 MH. Ho thefula hona ho etsa hore Om5 e tšoanelehe bakeng sa likopo tse hlokang tlhahiso ea data e kholo.
Mehopolo ea hole
Sebaka ke ntho e 'ngoe e tsietsing ea ho khetha thapo e nepahetseng ea fiber ea bofubelu. Libaka tse khutšoane hangata li lumellana le mefuta ea fiber ea khale joaloka Om1 le OM2, e leng litefiso tse lekantsoeng tsa data tse lekaneng. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa libaka tse telele, likhoele tse ncha tse kang OM3, OM4, le Om5 li fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng.Fiber ea Om4Ho tšehetsa litefiso tsa data ho fihlela ho 10 Meters e fetang 550, e e etsa khetho e tšepahalang bakeng sa tikoloho e pharalletseng ea tikoloho e fumanehang.Mofuma-mafu oa Om5Ho ekelletsa pele bokhoni bona, ho fana ka data e sebetsang hantle hole le libaka tse telele ka lebaka la likarolo tsa eona tse pharaletseng. Ka ho lekola litlhoko tsa sebaka, mekhatlo e ka khetha thapo ea fiber e netefatsang ts'ebetso e nepahetseng le ho ts'epahala.
Ho leka-lekanya litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso ea cable ea MultMode Fiber
Ho khetha thapo e nepahetseng ea fiber ea bo-multimode e kenyelletsa ho hlahloba litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa thapo o fana ka melemo e fapaneng, 'me kutloisiso tsena li ka thusa ho etsa qeto e bakoang.
Chelete e theko e boima ea mefuta e fapaneng
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Om1 le om2: Lihlohlese tsena li fana ka khetho e botsoalle ea litekanyetso tsa marang-rang ka litlhoko tsa data tse itekanetseng. Ba lumellana le tikoloho moo phetisetso ea data e phahameng e sa tšoaeang liphoso. Litsenyehelo tsa bona tse tlase li etsa hore li khahle bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse nyane tsa ho kenya kapa litsamaiso tsa melao.
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OM3: Cable ena e fana ka chelete lipakeng tsa litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso. E tšehetsa litefiso tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele ho feta OM1 le OM2. Mekhatlo e sheba ho ntlafatsa lits'ebeletso tsa bona ntle le tsetelo ea bohlokoa hangata ho khetha OM3.
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OM4: Le hoja e theko e phahameng ho feta OM3, OM4 e fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng. E tšehetsa bandwidth e phahameng le libaka tse telele, e etsa hore e be e loketseng marang-rang a maholo. Tsetelo ea Om4 e ka lebisa ho boloi ba nako e telele ka ho fokotsa tlhoko ea ntlafatso ea khafetsa.
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Om5: Cable ena e emela tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao e Multfidode Prober. E ts'ehetsa li-wavengng tse ngata, li fana ka ts'ebetso e phahameng. Le ha litšenyehelo tsa pele li phahame, OM5 tsa ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa data tse tlang li etsa khetho e sebetsang e sebetsang bakeng sa mekhatlo ea ho nahana pele.
Mekhabiso ea Ts'ebetso eo u ka e nahanang
- Bandwidth: Bandwidth e phahameng e lumella phetiso ea data e potlakileng. OM4 le OM5 Excel sebakeng sena, e tšehetsa maemo a sejoale-joale a marang-rang. Ho lekola bandwidth ho hlokahala ho thusa ho khetha mofuta o loketseng oa cable.
- Hole: Sebaka seo data e hlokang ho fetisoa litšusumetso tsa cable e susumetsang. OM3 le OM4 Tšehetso ea nako e telele e ts'ehetsa libaka tse bakiloeng ho om1 le OM2. Bakeng sa marang-rang a pharaletseng, OM5 o fana ka ts'ebetso e ntle ka ho fetisisa ho feta maeto a malelele.
- Sekhahla sa dataMoqomo oa data oa data oa cable o etsa qeto ea ho ikarabella bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng. Lisebelisoa tsa data tsa OM3 le OM4 tsa tšehetso ho fihlela ho 10 GBPS, ha Om5 a ka sebetsana le litekanyetso tse phahameng. Ho utloisisa litlhokahalo tsa sebaka sa marang-rang tse netefatsang ts'ebetso e nepahetseng.
- Scalaglity: Merero ea ketoloso ea toropo ea bokamoso e lokela ho etsa qeto ea qeto. Bokhopo bo pharalletseng ba Om5 bo etsa hore e fetohele maemo a matla a mahlale a tsoang mahlale a matla a tsoang mahlale a matla a ho hlahisa leqeba la marang-rang.
Ka ho nahana ka hloko lintlha tsena, mekhatlo e ka fihlela chelete lipakeng tsa litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso, e beha lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang tse sebetsang hantle.
Ho paka ka nako e tlang ea hau le Dowell
Ka kakaretso ea theknoloji e tsoang ka potlako ea tsoang ka potlako ea theknoloji, ho paka ka nako e tlang ea khoebo ea hau ea marang-rang e ba tsa bohlokoa. Dowell e fana ka leseli ho hore na mekhatlo ea bona e ka netefatsa hore mabenkele a tsona a ntse a qosa ebile a lumellana le mahlale a hlaha.
Scalaglity
Bophahamo bo bua ka bokhoni ba marang-rang ba ho hola le ho ikamahanya le maemo a eketsehileng a hlokahalang. Ha likhoebo li ntse li hola, phetisetso ea eona ea phetisetso ea data ea data hangata e eketsa. Likhetla tsa multimode oa muber, haholo-holo, haholo-holo, haholo-holo, li fana ka bofokoli bo botle haholo. Likhatiso tsena li tšehetsa litheko tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele, ho li etsa hore li lokele ho hola marang-rang a ho holisa marang-rang.
1. OM4 Setsi sa Multimode: Taba ena e tšehetsa litefiso tsa data ho fihlela ho 10 gbps tse fetang 550. Boholo ba bandwidth ba eona bo ntlafalitsoeng bo etsa hore e be e loketseng marang-rang a boholo bo lebelletseng kholo. Mekhatlo e ka itšetleha ka OM4 ho sebetsana le lijarete tse eketsehileng tsa data ntle le ts'ebetso ea ho sekisetsa.
2. OM5222De Fiber: E etselitsoe litšila tse tlang, OM5 e tšehetsa maqhubu a mangata, a lumella ho kenya data e kholo. Bophahamo bona bo netefatsa hore marang-rang a ka amohela mekhoa e mecha ea mahlale le litlhoko tse phahameng tsa data. Litšobotsi tse pharaletseng tsa OM5 li e etsa khetho ea ho nahana ka mokhoa oa ho nahana bakeng sa mekhatlo ea mekhatlo e nkang maemo a nako e telele.
Ho tsamaisana le Mahlale a Hloahloa
Ho lumellana le mahlale a hlahang a tiisa hore marang-rang a ntse a sebetsa a bile a sebetsa hantle. Joalokaha mahlale a macha a hlaha, marang-rang a tlameha ho ikamahanya le maemo. Likhopolo tsa multimode Frober, haholo-holo, haholo-holo, fana ka tumello e hlokahalang.
- Mofuma-mafu oa Om5: Matla ana a cable a ho sebetsana le li-wavengoth tse ngata ho etsa hore e lumellane le mahlale a hlahang. E ts'ehetsa likopo tse hlokang phetiso ea data e phahameng, joalo ka 'nete ea bona ea nnete le komporo ea leru. Ka ho khetha OM5, mekhatlo e ka netefatsa marang-rang a bona a ikamahanya le maemo a theknoloji ea nakong e tlang.
- Fiber ea Om4Ha a ntse a sa tsotelloe joalo ka Om5, OM4 o ntse a fana ka melemo ea bohlokoa ea maikutlo. E lumellana le litekanyetso tsa sejoale-joale tsa marang-rang, e tšehetsa lits'ebetso tse kang 40Gbase-SR4 le 100ggbase-Sr10. Boikameli bona bo etsa hore marang-rang a mang a sebelisa Om4 a ka kopanya mahlale a macha.
Ka ho tsepamisa likelello ho scalalility, mekhatlo e ka paka bokamoso - marang-rang a bona ka nepo. Setsebi sa Dowell sa Dowell se fana ka motheo oa ho aha motheo oa ho aha marang-rang a marang-rang a mamellehang.
Ho khetha thapo ea bo-ramareishene se nepahetseng ho kenyelletsa ho utloisisa litlhoko tsa marang-rang, litšenyehelo tsa ho leka-pheta, 'me u rerile kholo ea kamoso. Mofuta o mong le o mong oa cable, ho tloha Om1 ho Om1 ho Om1, e fana ka melemo e ikhethang ea litlhokahalo tse fapaneng tsa marang-rang. Ho tsetela likhoele tse bapalang tse kang Om4 le OM5 Na marang-rang a Bopaki a Bokamoso, a etsa hore ho be le tlhaiso-leseling ea mahlale a hlahang. Ka ho nahanisisa ka lintlha tsena, mekhatlo e ka bahe khoebong ea marang-rang e khotsofatsang e kopanang le litokelo tsa morao-rao le litefiso tsa ntšetso pele.
LBH
Monyetla oa mantlha oa ho sebelisa likhoele tsa multimode ke eng?
Mekhahlelo ea Multimede FiberFana ka tharollo e sebetsang ka theko ea ho fetisoa ha data e khutšoane. Li tšehetsa litsela tse ngata tse bobebe, tse netefatsang phetisetso e sebetsang. Sena se etsa hore ba tšoanele tikoloho e kang litsi tsa data le marang-rang a sebaka seo).
Ke tseba joang mofuta o nepahetseng oa thapo ea multimode oa muber ea multde bakeng sa netweke ea ka?
Ho khetha thapo ea li-multimoded ea li-muberdimoded, nahana ka lintho tse kang litlhoko tsa bandwidth, hole le sclolality ea bokamoso.Om1 le om2Sututsa litlhoko tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa data, haOM3, OM4, le Om5Fana ka bandwidth e phahameng le libaka tse telele, e etsa hore li loketsoe likopo tse ngata tse sa tšoane.
Hobaneng ke lokela ho nahana ka ntlafatso ho tloha ho OM1 ho ea Newer Multer Fers?
Ntlafatsa ho tloha ho OM1 ho li-fibers tse ncha tse nyane tse kang OM3 kapa OM4 li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang haholo. Meqathatso ena e mecha ena e tšehetsa litefiso tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele, tse ipatileng ka maemo a kajeno a marang-rang le litlhoko tsa bopaki ba nako e tlang.
Liphapang tsa bohlokoa li pakeng life tsa li-multics tsa multic le om5?
OM4Ho tšehetsa litefiso tsa data ho fihlela ho 10 metres limithara tse fetang 550, ho etsa hore e loketse tikoloho e phahameng ea marang-rang.Om5Kenya bokhoni ba ho pharalla ka bophara, e lumella libaka tse ngata tsa maqhubu le tlhahiso ea data e kholo. Sena se etsa hore Om5 e be e loketseng likopo tse hlokang phetiso ea data e phahameng ka nako e telele ho feta libaka tse telele.
Cable ea fiber ea multimedi e kenya letsoho joang ho paka bopaki bo tlang?
Metsoako ea mekhahlelo ea multimode ea muber, haholo-holoOm4 le om5, fana ka bokhabane le ho lumellana le mahlale a hlahang a hlaha. Ba tšehetsa litheko tse phahameng tsa data le libaka tse telele, ba netefatsa hore marang-rang a ka tloaelane le litlhoko tsa nako e tlang ntle le ntlafatso ea nako e telele.
Lithaele tsa fiber tsa muber li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa kantle?
Le ha metlae ea li-fiber fiber e ipabola libakeng tsa ka tlung, ho khetha thapo e loketseng fiber e bohlokoa maemong a fapaneng a tikoloho. Nahana ka lintlha tse kang ho hanela ha boemo ba leholimo le tikoloho ea ho kenya ha u khetha likhoele.
Bandwidth ba bapala karolo efe ho khetha thapo ea multimede?
Bandwidth e khetholla bokhoni ba ho fetisetsa data. Bandwidth e phahameng e lumella phetiso ea data e potlakileng.Om4 le om5Expen sebakeng sena, e tšehetsa litekanyetso tsa sejoale-joale tsa marang-rang le ho bonts'a puisano e sebetsang ea data.
Na li-caber tsa fiber fiber li lumellana le mahlale a hlahang?
Ee, haholoholoMofuma-mafu oa Om5. Bokhoni ba eona ba ho sebetsana le li-wavength tse ngata ho etsa hore e lumellane le mahlale a hlahang a tšoanang le 'nete le' nete ea leru. Sena se etsa hore marang-rang a marang-rang a lula a le khahlanong le ho ikamahanya ha moruo oa nakong e tlang.
Mehopolo e meng e ama khetho ea thapo ea multimede joang?
Sebaka se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa khethong ea cable. Likopano tse khuts'oane joaloka likhoele tse meholo joaloka likhoele tse ncha joalo ka likhoele tse ncha joalo ka likhoele tse ntlafalitsoeng ho feta libaka tse telele. Ho lekola litlhoko tsa sebaka ho netefatsa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e nepahetseng.
Ke lintlha life tseo ke lokelang ho li nahana ha ke leka-kenanya litšenyehelo le tšebetso ea li-fiber tsa multimed?
Nahana ka litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa marang-rang a hau, ho kopanyelletsa le bandwidth, hole le sebopeho sa kamoso.Om1 le om2Fana ka mekhoa ea tekanyetso e mosa ea litlhoko tse itekanetseng, haOM3, OM4, le Om5fana ka ts'ebetso e kaholimo bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tse batlang. Ho leka-lekanya mabaka ana a tiisa lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang tse theko e boima le tse sebetsang hantle.
Nako ea poso: Dec-12-2024